Engineering Education in Ghana

2.2.4 trainingEducation serves as an engine for economic growing through with(predicate) the accretion of human capital. Education is strongly associated with boosting degrees of societal capital ( Campbell, 2006 ) . the enactment or procedure of leaving or geting general cognition, gaining the powers of cerebrate and judgement, and by and large of fixing oneself or others intellectually for mature conduct ( Dictionary.com, 2014 ) .2.2.5 ENGINEERING Education practice instruction is the activity of encyclopedism cognition and rules related to the overlord pattern of technology. It accommodates the initial instruction for going an applied scientist and any groundbreaking instruction and specialisations that follow. Engineering instruction is typically accompanied by unnecessary scrutinies and supervised preparation as the demands for a professional technology licence.2.3 engine room Education IN GHANA OVER THE YEARSEngineering instruction in the so G previous(a) Coast d ates back to the 1930s. In August 1931, the Colonial administration requested Achimota College in Accra to form an technology class to develop Afri moves for senior assignments in the Public Works Department, the railroads and subsequently, the mines. The class, which was based on the foreign trend course of sketch of the University of London, consisted of four and a half mature ages of survey at Achimota, followed by between three and four old ages of structured post-graduation practical preparation. Initially, the class offered at Achimota led to grades in electrical, robotlike and civic technology, but with the enlargement of activities in the excavation sector in the Gold Coast, it became necessary for the educate to send tabu its class offerings to include excavation technology. In malice of the troubles it experienced, the Achimota Engineering School managed to turn let out a sum of 25 applied scientists before the start of the here and now World War compelled it to close down. These applied scientists were to play cardinal functions in the immediate post-independence development of Ghana and besides served in other African states every bit good as working for international bureaus. With the formation of the University College of the Gold Coast in Legon, Accra in 1948, university instruction was phased out of the Achimota College campus. Unfortunately, no proviso was made for the transportation of the technology classs to the late University College, indeed the preparation of applied scientists was interrupted between 1948 and 1952 when a School of Engineering was once more(prenominal) established as portion of the new Kumasi College of engineering science and the equipment, and some staff of the Achimota Engineering School transferred to Kumasi to organize the karyon of the new school. From 1952 to 1955, the School of Engineering prep ared its pupils for rank of the assorted Professional Institutions in the United Kingdom. The formal pre paration of alumnus applied scientists of assorted specialisations commenced in 1955 in particular relationship with the University of London and pupils were prepared to take Partss I, II and III of the University of London Bachelor of Science ( Engineering ) External grade scrutinies. The first professional applied scientists produced by the Kumasi School of Engineering, who were all civil applied scientists, graduated with the university of London External B.Sc. ( Eng. ) grade in June 1959. The School of Engineering began to present its ain technology grades in June 1964.2.3.1 Technology Education FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTRelevance of technology plans to the demands of industry has sometimes been interpreted as a state of affairs in which the merchandises of an technology plan are to be trained to be of immediate usage to industry after lower-ranking or no post-graduation preparation. Pressures, hence, be given to be put on African technology modules to cut down on the content of the divinatory compositors casets of their classs in favour of vocational facets force per whole areas which are, in bend, frequently ferociously resisted by technology pedagogues. Yet, technology plans in African Universities basis to derive enormously when there is active co-operation between technology pedagogues and the boss consumers of technology work force based on common cypher and clear grasp of the functions of the assorted stake cargo areaers. It is besides anticipated that the technological spread between the developed and the underdeveloped universe leave behinding go compensate wider in the twenty-first Century, therefore, doing technology preparation til now more situation-specific. This will intend that Ghana will hold to depend even more on her national establishments for the preparation of the technology work force pertinent to their development demands. It will, hence, be necessary for the professional associations and the preparation establishments in Africa to co-operate even more closely in specifying the content of the technology course of study of the twenty-first Century.2.4 DESIGNING AN ENGINEERING SCHOOL2.4.1CONDUSIVE TEACHING EnvironmentTo forestall the assorted jobs pupils and lecturers face in the classroom, it is of outcome to set into consideration the agreement of the schoolroom. Savage 2009 indicates that, the animal(prenominal) agreement of schoolrooms plays a prima function in the character be of pupils and goes a long manner in bettering the academic public launching of pupils. If a schoolroom is non good knowing, it affects the end product of pupils, hence clogging on the intent for which talks are intended. The research on schoolroom environments suggests that schoolrooms should be organized to suit a assortment of activities throughout the two dozen hours and to run into the teachers instructional ends ( Savage, 1999 Weinstein, 1992 ) . The criterions for decision what spacial lay-out is just about appropriate to carry through these maps include ways to maximise the teachers ability to see and be seen by all his or her pupils ease easiness of motion throughout the schoolroom minimize distractions so that pupils are best able to actively prosecute in strength members show each pupil and the instructor with his or her ain personalized quad and guaranting that each pupil can see presentations and stuffs posted in the schoolroom. Seating agreement in talk residences are really beta since it indicates whether there will be societal exchanges in the category is caper behaviorally delighting. It is besides really important to forestall high art countries in schoolroom designs, much(prenominal) as waste basket countries. Critically, it is really of import that, pupils have a clear position of the lector at every point in clip ( Quin et al. , 2000 ) . In making so, the lector should besides be giving freedom in his motion through the talk room or schoolroom. There is some grounds that it is effectual to restrict eyepiece and audile stimulation that may deflect pupils with attendance and behaviour jobs ( Bettenhausen, 1998 Cummings, Quinn et al. , 2000 ) . The physical agreement of the schoolroom can function as a powerful setting event for supplying pupils effectual mission and facilitate ( or inhibit ) positive instruction or learning interactions. As with other facets of direction, the physical agreement of the schoolroom should be pondering of the diverse cultural and lingual features of the pupils and be consistent with specific scholarly person demands.2.4.2 STAIRWAYSStairwaies are seen as connections between at least two contrasting degrees. Vertical risers and horizontal paces are connected to stairss over a incline. It can besides be defined as a system of stairss by which people and objects may go through from one degree of a edifice to another. One of the most critical parts of school affair design is the staircase, which should be rigid in relation to the inclusive traffic form, maintaining in head burden distribution, safety, finish of pupils between periods and riddance of nonplus traffic. The staircases should be designed for unsophisticated, fast, and safe motion of male childs and misss. Stairways non merely supply entree to and from assorted floor degrees, but they are used at every period for the perpendicular circulation of pupils altering categories. It is of import that staircases should be designed to guarantee that male childs and misss with books under their weaponries may walk side by side to avoid congestion a breadth of 4 pess 8 inches to 5 pess between bannisters is recommended. Stairwaies should be of fireproof building, taking straight to the out-of-doorss. They should be equipped with smoke-control installations, dividing the stairwells from the corridors which they serve.2.4.3 CorridorA well-designed school has corridors that accommodate the free and informal motion of pupils. The co mpress corridor normally requires formal, regimented, and supervised traffic flow. The walls of corridors should be free of all gibbousnesss. warmness units, imbibing fountains, fire asphyxiators, cabinets, doors, and show instances should be recessed in the social occasion of pupil safety. Acoustic belongingss are desirable to cut down hall illegitimate enterprise. Corridors should be good lighted, with exigency proviso in the event of caput power failure. Floor covering should be lasting, nonskid, and easy to keep. The maximal space of unbroken corridors should non transcend 150 pess to 200 pess longer subdivisions give an casteless position.2.5 FORMAL SPACES2.5.1 CLASSROOMSClassrooms have comparatively straightforward demands line of commode, good acoustics, and a focal point at the forepart of the room helping as the platform for instructors to talk.Physical restraints such as the ability of pupils to turn more or less in their seats, can restrict the success of a desig ned schoolroom infinite. The room may be designed for pupil coaction. Seatings may be arranged in mated rows with specially design chairs that allow pupils to live each other for coaction.Apart from the schoolroom and formal infinites, educational establishments are besides designed with the proviso of informal infinites in head.2.5.2 OfficesThe finding of whether an use or cell will be assigned is based on an person s occupation description and place within the organisation. Factors such as confidentiality or security demands, figure of employees supervised and particular equipment demands will be evaluated. Offices should be placed close together(p) the inside nucleus infinite. This increases the onslaught of natural discernible radiation into the edifice. When it is impractical to turn up offices closemouthed the inside nucleus, door running lights and borrowed visible radiations should be considered to convey daylight into the interior infinites. Translucent glazing such as frosted or simulate glass can be used if there is a ocular privateness demand. Offices located in the inside of the edifice infinite should be provided with a door or running light assembly or a borrowed visible radiation ( interior window ) in at least one wall at a superlative above the finished floor that allows ocular privateness while conveying visible radiation from the exterior.2.6 REQUIREMENTS OF LECTURE HALL SPACES( The followers demands of a schoolroom design have been taken from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County General Lecture Hall Design Guidelines, and rewrite August 25, 2000 ) . Physical Access and Movement The design shall take into chronicle the flow of pupils both in and out of the infinite and within the infinite every bit good as the demand for the teacher to buy the farm about in the forepart of the room.1. Sufficient infinite is needed near the forepart of the room for puting up audiovisual equipment, such as projection screens and charts.2 . Ceilings should be a upper limit of 9.5 pess high.3. Light from Windowss should, if possible, come over a student s left shoulder. No lector should be required to confront the Windowss when turn toing the category from the normal teaching place.4. Ceilings and/or walls should be acoustically treated.5. Floors should hold a cushioning stuff.6. The schoolroom should hold as quiet a location as possible, off from cacophonic out-of-door countries. Ease of entree to specialise installations outside the academic unit should be ensured.2.6.1 DOORSThe flow of pupils should be the study factor in finding the location of entrywaies. Entrances should be located to avoid pupil traffic go throughing through non-instructional countries. In add-on, big Numberss of pupils going in corridors and hallways can develop forth unwished noise. In finding the size of entrywaies and issues, constructing codifications should non be the alone(predicate) standard. The flow of pupils in and out of suites can hold a major impact on size of entrywaies and issues. The design of entrywaies, issues, stepss, corridors, and exterior waies should take into biography between-class pupil traffic. For illustration, it is non realistic to presume that a room will be wholly vacant when pupils begin geting for the following category. Provision should hence be made for vision panels in entryway doors. They could be tinted. Besides, proviso should be made for door Michigans to protect the wall surface.2.6.2 FLOOR, WALLS AND CEILINGSIn smaller schoolrooms, it is common to practice vinyl composing tile or rug. Rug should be provided in all suites unless subject particular related classs dictate otherwise. The ceiling tallness is another of import consideration when planing the infinite. For illustration, because a projection screen must be big plenty to expose images of equal size, it must be placed high plenty from the floor to supply unobstructed sight lines. This normally requires a ceiling tal lness higher than the standard viii pess.2.6.3 NOISE CONTROLOther of import factors must be considered in the design. To avoid the noise generated by their operation and usage, peddling machines must be located as far off as possible. Trash and recycling containers should be located near the peddling machines. Restrooms and imbibing fountains should be located nearby and should be designed to manage pupil usage between categories. To forestall unwanted noise transmittal, public toilets should non portion common walls, floors, or ceilings with instructional infinites